Aircraft automatic take-off, flight, and landing



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.V. Holla/Italo Jun@ 22, 1943.. c. J. CRANE ETAL AIRCRAFT AUTOMATIC TAKE-OFF, FLIGHT AND LANDING Filed July 29, 1959 June 22, 1943. c. J. CRANE ETAL 2,322,225

AIRCRAFT AUTOMATIC TAKE-OFF, FLIGHT AND LANDING Filed July 29, 1939 10 Sheets-Sheet 2 Geol' 'el/:Hollouzam l n,luunle 22, 1943.

c. J. CRANE Er AL AIRCRAFT AUTOMATIC TAKE-OFF, FLIGHT AND LANDING 10 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed July 29, 1959 Unvenors Carl J Crane eoro'e P Wina@ L mond [(.S'oa

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AIRCRAFT AUTOMATIC TAKE-OFF, FLIGHT AND LANDING Filed July 2,9, 1939 l0 Sheets-Sheet 6 T HROTTLE CONTROL FUEL SUPP ENG INE LA NDI NG GEHRSWITC H FREQUENY AND H SELECTOR SWITCH June 22, 1943. c. J. CRANE Al-:T AL l 2,322,225

AIRCRAFT AUTOMATIC TAKE-OFF', FLIGHT AND LANDING Filed July 29, 1959 x 1o sheets-sheet v FLYING TOWARD THE TRANSMITTER STATION \F\./1NG AWAY FRoM ma TRANsMuTrER smnoN.

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AIRCRAFT AUTOMATIC TAKE-OFF, FLIGHT AND LANDING Filed July 29, 1959 10 Sheets-Sheet 9 wuemtofvs Ccu'L J. Cra/Le GeoreVi Holloinalv Ray d nsw@ NNN . vm, mmm um NQ @man June 22, 1943. c. J. CRANE ET AL AIRCRAFT AUTOMATIC TAKE-OFF, FLIGHT AND LANDING 'Filed July 29, 1939 l0 Sheets-Sheet l0 www www AIRCRAFT UTIHATIC-TAKE-OFE- FLIGHT,

AND LANDING .Carl J. Crane, George V. Holloman, and Raymond K. Stout, Dayton, and Constantin D. Barbulesco, Yellow Springsn Ohio Appncaata .my 2a, i939, serian No. 287,310

(ci. 24a- 77) (oramai anaanie am. of March 3, 1883, as amended April 30, 1928; 370 0. G. 757) 2a Claims.

The invention described herein may be manufactured and used by or for the Government forV lgovernmental purposes, without the payment to us of any royalty thereon.

The present invention relates to apparatus for eectlng automatic take-off, automatic flight and automatic landing of aircraft.

One of the objects of the invention is t`o provide al novel combination of means whereby an aircraft may take off automatically, continue in automatici ight on a predetermined course, and

then land automatically at a predetermined landing field entirely without the aid of a human pilot.

other object is to provide a novel combination of automatically operable means for simpli-4 tornatic control of take-off, flight and landing of the aircraft may be effected.

Still another object of the invention is to provide novel apparatus forautomatic control of an aircraft during take-off, ight and landing, comprisma', in combination with the aircraft, automatically operable means on said aircraft for controlling sald aircraft about the three axes thereof, radiant energy transmitting means remotev from said aircraft, means on said aircraft for controlling-the altitude of said aircraft, means responsive to deviations of the craft from a predetermined course; and means responsive to radiant energy received from the remote transmitting means for controlling the altitude controlling means and the deviation responsive means.

A still further object of the invention is to pilovidenovel apparatus for automatically controlling an'aircraft during take-off, flight and landing.' comprising, in combination with said aircraft, a plurality of radio transmitting stations on the ground spaced in alignment along a predetermined line of flight to be followed by the aircraft during take-off and/or landing, certain of the transmitting stations being provided with means for transmitting radiant energy directively in a vertical direction and non-directive means for transmitting radiant energy in all directions, the non-directive radiant energy transmitted by each of the certain stations having a frequency different from that transmitted by each of the other certain stations, means on said aircraft for maintaining level ight, means on said aircraft for maintaining it on a predetermined course, means on said aircraft for controlling the altitude thereof to a predetermined altitude, means responsive to the non-directively transmitted radiant energy for controlling the course maintaining means, and selecting means sequentlally responsive to the vertically-transmitted radiant energyy from each ofsaid certain stations for controlling the first-mentioned radiant energy responsive means and the altitude controlling means to simultaneously preselect a predetermined altitude at which the aircraft is to y, and to sequentially tune to a dierent predetermined frequency the means responsive to the nondirectively transmitted radiant energy, whereby the aircraft is guided from one to the other of the transmitting stations at a decreasing altitude until the aircraft contacts the ground.

A stillfurther object of the invention is to provide in combination with an aircraft, an auto-V matic pilot for stabilizing the craft about its three axes, radio direction finding means, altitude responsive control means, rate-of-changeof-altituderesponsive control means, propulsiva power means for maintaining the craft in flight,

. andradio-responsive control means responsive to radiant energy transmitted `from a plurality of points on the ground for controlling all of said means to guide the aircraft along a predetermined line of flight and at a predetermined-altitude.

The above and other objects and advantages of the invention will `appear more fully hereinafter from a consideration Vof the detailed description which follows, taken together with the laccompanying drawings wherein two embodiments of the invention are illustrated. It is to .torial diagram showing an aircraft about to make a landingwith theaid of one form of apparatus embodying the invention, the various elements of the apparatus and their relation to each other being shown diagrammatically both on the aircraft and on the ground;

Fig.'2 is a diagram showing two paths which the aircraft may take in approaching the landing field;

. Fig3 is a diagram showing the direction of a cross wind-sand two paths which the aircraft may take in approaching the landing field, one path being that taken by the aircraft when it is provided with a drift corrector, and the other path being that taken by the aircraft when no drift corrector is used;

Figs.: 4 and 4a are to be taken together, with Fig. 4 placed to the left of Fig. 4a, Yand are a pictorial diagram showing an aircraft comingin for a landingwith the aid of another form of appavratus incorporating another embodiment of the invention, the various elements of the apparatus and their relation to each. other being shown diagrammatically both on the aircraft and on the ground;

Fig. 5 is a diagramshowing the runway localizer beam when the second embodiment of the inventionis employed, and thpath of the aircraft in approaching the landing eld just beforeit begins to be guided by the localizer beam;

Fig. 6 is another diagram showing the n'mway localizer beam of Fig. 5, and the path of the aircraft as it is guided by the locallzer beam;

Figs. '7 and 7a are to .be taken together, with Fig. '7 placed above Fig. 7a, and comprise the wiring diagram of the first embodiment of the invention shown in Figs. 1 and 1a;

Fig. 8 is a diagrammatic view showing the de- Fig. 13 is a sectional view showing 'thmeans for rotating the radio loop which is electrically connected to the radio compass which in turn is electrically connected to the left-right indicator;

Fig. 14 is a diagrammatic isometric view of the gyro control unit of Fig. 13;

Fig. 15 is a line diagram showing the operational relation between the radio compass, automatic pilot and gyroscoplc drift corrector; and

'Figs. 16 and 16a. to be taken together with Fig. 16 placed above Fig. 16a, comprise the wiring diagram of the second embodiment of the inveninbeforestated objects, as will be more fully heretion shown in Figs. 4 and 4a.

The invention consists substantially in the construction, combination, location and relative arrangement of parts and circuits for obtaining the results desired in accordance with the hereinafter set forth in the specification. as shown in the drawings, by way of example, and as finally pointed out in e claims.

Referring no Figs. l and la thereof, there is shown an aircraft IS which is about to land on the landing field 20 in accordance with the present invention and with the aid of one form of apparatus embodying the invention. The aircraft'is provided with an automatic pilot shown diagrammatically at 2| for controlling the craft in flight about all three ofV its axes and, in the present instance, is if the type shown in the patent to E. A. Sperry, Jr., et al., No. 1,992,970, dated March 5, 1935. The directioncontrollig means of the automatic pilot 2| are connected to a directional relay 22 which is controlled by a radio compass 23 including a loo antenna 2l and a straight antenna 25. The dire tional relay 22 is of the type distails of-one form of radio responsive directional relay used in both embodiments of the invention;

Fig. 9 is a perspective view showingA diagrammatically the manner in which the-automatic closed in our co-pending application, Serial No. 95,042, filed August 8, 1936. The radio compass 23 is adapted to be tuned to any one of a plurality of predetermined frequencies by means of a frequency tuner 25. The frequency tuner is controlled by a frequency and throttle selector switch 21 in a manner whichwill be explainecL more fully hereinafter, in response to an impulse received by radio marker beacon receptor 2B.

In the present instance, the aircraft Isis shown as having two engines 29 and 30 which are malntained at the same speed by means of an engine synchronizer 3l of any suitable type such,

. for example, as that shown in the p'atet to W.

pilot is' controlled by the radio responsive directional relay of Fig. 8;

F1g..10 is a diagrammatic view ofone embodiment of a selector switch forming part of the invention for selectively'tuning the radio direc--v tion finder inresponse to radiant energy received from a marker beacon on the ground;

Fig. 11 a diagram showing three paths of flight take by an aircraft ying toward a radio transmitting station, one path being that of an aircraft provided with an automatic pilot only, the second path being that of an aircraft provided with an automatic pilot controlled -by a' radio direction finder, and the thirdpath being that of 'an aircraft provided with'an automatic pilot controlled by a radio direction finder provided. with a gyroscopic drift corrector used in the-apparatus of the present invention;

Fig. 12 is a diagram showing three paths of s. Berry, Nd 2,066,819, dated January 5193'1.

The invention is applicable, however, to a single-A engined aircraft, in which event the engine synchronizer 3| need not be provided. The aircraft is provided with an automati throttle control 32 for controlling the speed of the engines to thereby control the altitude of the aircraft, since if the aircraft is maintained in level night, increase or vdecrease of the power output of the engine or engines will respectively cause the aircraft to ascend or descend The throttle control is actuated in response to radiant energy received by the marker beacon receptor 2l which controls lthe frequency selector switch to actuate the throttle through the throttle control to a desired position at desired, times,

. and in response tochanges in altitude as determined by an altitude responsive control mechnight taken by aircraft away from a radio transi mitting station, the aircraft being equipped wigi`\ e same control systems as described withr s ct to Figure 1l;

of-altitude as determinedl by a rate-of-changeof-altitude responsive control device 3l.

The loop antenna 24 of the radio compass 23 25 is provided with an automatic vdrift compensato the drawings and first to tor it which, in the presentL instance, is of the type disclosed in our co-pending application, Serial No. 214,560, led June 18, 1938.

The automatic pilot 2i controls the rudder 36 to maintain the craft on a predetermined course, and also controls the elevator 3l and ailerons 38 to maintain the craft in level flight, and in accordance with the present invention the aircraft is continuously m-aintained in level flight until it lands on the ground at the landing field.

On the ground at and in the vicinity of the eld from which the aircraft is to take olf or on which-it is to land there are provided a plurality of mobile radio transmitting stations which are spaced apart and aligned in the direction of flight of the aircraft during take-off and during landing. As illustrated there are five such mobile transmitting stations which are designated as stations l, 2, 3, t, 5 and 6, the stations I and t being the same station at the end of the runway tt at the landing field 2D, while station 5 is at the beginning of the runway 44, and stations rl, El and 2 being progressively spaced further from the field 2U and runway M but in alignmentwith stations Il, t and 5. The furthermost station 2 is approximately fifteen miles from the landing field 20. The transmitting stations i, t, t, il, t and 2 are shown as being mounted on respective trucks so that they may be lined up in any desired direction with respect to the landing field Ztito guide the aircraft into the landing field along a desired runway depending upon the direction of the wind, it being well known that a heavier-than-air aircraft must take off and land into the wind. However, the transmitting stations may be permanently fixed in their locations, if desired, but in such event it would be necessary to have several sets of stations as, for example, one s et for each cardinal point of the compass so that an aircraft could take off or land in any one of'the four compass directions-namely, north, south, east or west and substantially against the wind even though the exact direction of the wind might not be along a cardinal point of the compass.

llt each of the transmitting stations, l-6, 5, 3 and l there is provided a radio transmitter which transmits radiant energy in substantialLv all directions, and va radio marker beacon projector which transmits radiant energy directively in a vertical direction in the form of a fan-shaped beam'. Thus, the station l--t is provided with a transmitter d5 including an antenna 46 which radiates energy in all directions as indicated at` tl, and a radio marker beacon transmitter and antenna unit 48 which transmits radiant energy vertically as shown at t9.: At the stations 5, 4, 3 and 2 are likewise shown the transmitters 50, 5l, 52 and 53,' respectively, which include the antennae at, 55, r5B and 5l respectively, while the radio marker beacon projectors at stations 5, 4, 3 and 2 are shown at 58, 59, 60 and 6I, respectively.

The manner in which an automatic landing of the aircraft is effected, in accordance with the invention and with the aid of the aforementioned apparatus, is as follows:

In Figs. 1 and la, assume that the aircraft I9 has arrived at the point a either under manual control or under the control of the automaticpilot 2l; Upon reaching this point the aircraft will be placed under automatic control of the previously mentioned control devices, as by closing a master switch which will be described later.A Upon closing of the master switch when the air-l craft is at point a, the altitude responsive control y automatic control.

device 33 will cause the aircraftto attain a predetermined altitude as, for example, an altitude of one thousand feet, if the aircraft is not already at that altitude, by reducing or increasing the propulsive power of the aircraft through the interaction of the automatic throttle control 32 and associated' rate-of-change-of-altitude control 34, the latter being hereinafter called the glide control.

Having attained the correct altitude indicated at b, the aircraft maintains this altitude through the action of the altitude responsive control 33 and proceeds along the line ac without further gain or loss of altitude. This line ac, although having characteristics of constant altitude may be a curvilinear path as shown inFig. 2 because when the automatic control of the aircraft begins to function, the heading of the aircraft may be other than towards the transmitting station 2.

` In order that the aircraft may haveits path controlled in direction when operating automatically, it is necessary forthe action of the radio transmitter 53 at station 2l to influence the automatic pilot 2l in a manner which introduces a corrective factor into the directional elementfsuch as the directional gyro of the automatic pilot, in the manner shown in our above-mentioned co-pending application Serial No. 95,042 to cause a setting of the directional gyro in order that the aircraft be directed to and over the transmitting station 2. Consequently, at a given time in the flight of the aircraft the latter will arrive over 'the transmitting station 2 and will at the same timepass through the `radiated beam projected from the marker beacon El since the transmitter 53 and marker beacon 6l are closely associated physically. At this moment, the aircraft will be at the p oint d in the path ac.

When the aircraft arrives at the point d at the controlled elevation b, the radio compass 23 has its frequency selected and changed to the frequency of radio transmitter 52 at the next station 3 by the operation of the frequency tuner 26 and the frequencyv selector switch 2l in response to a radio impulse received bythe marker beacon receptor 2B from the marker beacon Gif Thus, the radio compass 23 will now be tuned to the frequency of the transmitter 52 at station 3, thereby controlling the automatic pilot 2l through the directional relay 22 to guide the aircraft from station 2 to station 3. Therefore, at a given time in the flight of the aircraft over the path ac, it will arrive over the transmitting station 3 at the point e at the controlled altitude b and the controlled direction along the path ac.

Referring at this time to Fig. 2 the heading of the aircraft may not besuch that it will proceed naturally along the line joining the various transmitting stations from 2 to 6 but may be at some heading as indicated by th curved path 62 due to the elements of wind and other factors affecting the path of approach of the aircraft after passing over the transmitting station. 2. It is for this reason that iive transmitting stations are employed although a greater or smaller number may be used, in order to establish a more desirable path for the aircraft to follow.

Reference is now made to Fig. 3 wherein are indicated two paths that may be followed by the aircraft depending upon whether or not a drift compensator is included as a part of the The path indicated by the curved line 63 would be followed if the aircraft were operating without a drift compensator and with the wind having a component as shown by the arrow w. If, however, a drift compensator is used in conjunction with the automatic control as contemplated by the present' invention, lthe path will be substantially as shown by the straight line 64 in which the heading of the aircraft would be essentially as shown at 19a in contradistinction to that shown While traveling along the curved path 63. g

VAfter leaving position e, the aircraft proceeds to the point c where the lbeam from the marker beacon 59 produces an impulse in the marker beaconreceptor 28 to actuate the frequency selector switch 21, thereby operating the frequency tuner 26 to tune the radio compass 23 to the frequency of the radio transmitter 50 at station 5. At this point c, however, the frequency and throttle selector switch simultaneously causes the automatic throttle control 32 to be actuated to decrease the propulsive power of the aircraft engines l29 and 30, thereby bringing the aircraft to a lower altitude h as, for example, two hundred feetI just before the aircraft reaches point? or fr or f2 depending upon head wind and the strength thereof. With a slight head wind, for example, the aircraft would glide to the altitude h at the point f. With a head wind of some magnitude the aircraft would reach the altitude h at the point f1, and with a fairly strong head wind the aircraft would reach the altitude h at the point f2.

Upon reaching the altitude h the aircraft will be maintained at that altitude by the altitude responsive control means 33 which has been ad- )usted by the actuation of the selector switch 21 to control the propulsive power of the engines through the automatic throttle control to maintain the altitude h. The aircraft will now proceed at the altitude h until it reaches the point is at which time it will have passed through the radio beam projected by the marker beacon 53, this -for the reason that upon reaching point cl the beam from the marker beacon 59 will produce an impulse in the marker beacon receptor 28 to actuate the selector switch and tune the radio compass fthrough the frequency tuner 26 to the frequency of the radio transmitter 50 at the station5. Upon passing -through the beam from the marker Ibeacon 58 another impulse will be received by the marker beacon receptor 28 to actuate the selector switch 21 and thereby tune the 50 radio compass 23 through the frequency tuner 25 to' the frequency of the radio transmitter 45 at thestation I- at thel end of the runway-44 on the landing iield 20. Simultaneously the selector switch 21 will cause actuation of the automatic throttle controll to reduce the propulsiva powerof the aircraft engines 29 and 30 to bring the aircraft into a'glide and also to cut out the altitude responsive control means 33. The aircraft will then glide along thepath 55 or 65 depending upon whether there is a mild or strong -head wind and will land along the runway 44 at the. point 51 or 5I whereupon a switch on the landing gear will be actuated at the instant that the wheels touch the ground, and the closing ofl this switch will cause the automatic throttle control 32 to move the throttle, to thev "011 position.

,cutti'ng of: the fuel supply to the aircraft engines. With theo power off, the aircraft will roll Y to a stop before reaching the end of the runway, 44. e

Referring to Figs. 4 and 4a, there is shown another embodiment of the invention, in which the various component elements of the apparatus are substantially the same as those shown rotatably adjusting the loop 24 and is operated from the output of a runway localizer receptor l 10 and its associated antenna 1i. No gyroscopic drift compensator is provided in this embodiment. drift compensation being accomplished in another manner, as will appear later.

The equipment on the ground comprises only two radio transmitting stations designated as stations I and 2 which may be the same as stations 4 and I-B shown in Figs. 1 and 1a. From station I radiant energy is transmitted in all directions by the antenna 55 and a directive beam is projected vertically by the marker beacon 5l. The stations 2, 3 and 5 shown in Figs. 1 and la are not necessary in the embodiment shown in Figs. 4 and 4a, and station 4 shown in Figs. 1 and la is designated as station I in Figs. 4 and 4a and includes the marker beacon projector 58, the nondirective transmitter 5I and antenna 55 of Figs. 1 and 1a. Then at station 2 there is provided a -beacon transmitter 12 which vprojects a curved beam 13 having the same carrier frequency as the marker beacon projector 59 but modulated at a different audio frequency and comprising the glide path along which the aircraft is to -be guided to a landing on the-runway 44 of the landing eld 2U. The beacon transmitter 12 also transmits a directive beam having two components 14 and 15, one component being at one frequency and sending out one kind fof a signal as for example the latter A" and the other component being of a different frequency and sending out a different signal as for example the letter N" as is well known in the art. The components 14 and 15 constitute a runway localizer beacon by which the aircraft is maintained in the proper direction to make its automaticv landing on the runway 44.

' At the runway localizar beacon transmitter atl station '2 there is also providedl a non-directive in the casme of station I, 6 of Figs. 1 and 1a. but no marker beacon is provided.

Reference-is-now made to Figs. 5 and 6 wherein are shown the runway localiser beacon transmittter 12, marker beacon transmitter 5l and the non-directive transmitter 46 (Fig. 6). Assuming that the aircraft is located as shown in Fig. 5 Iin approaching thefairport 25, then from this point the aircraft will begin to y under the automatic control `of the invention, By means of the directional relay 22 and the radio compass 23, the

direction o'f fliht of the aircraft will be controlled sothat it will ily'to and over station I' following the path 15] shown in Fig. 5. In so doing, the aircraft arrives within the sphere of influence of the marker beacon 59 at which time the radio compassis automatically tuned to the frequency of the non-directive transmitter at station 2 so y that the abtomatic pnot 2|- win steer the erm in a line toward station 2; At the same time. the

ections relay Il comes into operation in comination with a runway localiser indicator (shown later in Figs. 16 and 16a) inresponse to radiant energy received from the localizer beam components 14 or 15 to provide for automatic compensation of the drift as will be explained more fully hereinafter. Likewise, a glide path indicator (also shown later in Figs. 16 and 16a) responsive to radiant energy from the glide beam ,15 becomes l operative to actuate the throttle through a relay in 15 aircraft and the automatic throttle control to bring the to a glide until the aircraft lands on the application Serial No. 214,560.

mined altitude and if the aircraft is above this predetermined altitude, the automatic throttle control will retard the throttle until a given rate of descent (approximately four hundred feet per minute) brings the airplane to this predetermined altitude which will be held until after passing station l, the effects of the altitude control are -modied by a rate-of-change-of-altitude device titl which is effective to give vernier adjustments to the engine throttle to maintain the altitude primarily determined by the altitude control 33. At this point the altitude control is cut out ofthe circuit, the throttle is set in the "glide position in response to a marker beacon signal at station l, and the afore-mentioned glide path indicator is rendered operative to apply throttle adjustments of a pair of centering springs 83 and 84.

comprises a reversible air turbine l1 driven in one direction or the other by a. jet of air from a supply pipe 18, the direction of rotation of the air turbine 11 being controlled by means of a pivoted vane 'I9 connected to and actuated by the radio compass left-right indicator 80. The air turbine 11 has on the same shaft therewith a pinion 8| which meshes with a large gear 82, the latter being rotated by said pinion 8l in one direction or another against the tension On the gear 82 and rotatable therewith through a limited angle isa movablecontact 85 which is adaptto control the descent of the aircraft to maintain the same in substantial coincidence with the glide path 'i3 (Figs. 4 and 4a) radiated by the transmitter unit l2. t

In the event that there is a side component of wind tending to cause the aircraft to drift tomechanism to correct for drift in a manner somewhat similar to that shown in our co-pending This will keep the aircraft headed directly to station 2 and also lieep it within the on-course signal of the runway localizer beam.

The aircraft, after passing station l at the predetermined altitude of one thousand feet, has its engine throttle set in the"glide position by the throttle-control device 32 in response to a marker beacon signal at station l, and immediately thereafter the aircraft intercepts the glide path lli (Figs. l and 4a) of constant field intensity, so that if the aircraft is descending along the glide path, the glide path. indicator will remain centered in its neutral position. If, however, the

aircraft is above-the glide path, the glide path The glide path indicator remains operative to control the descent of the aircraft through the control of the engine throttle until contact is made with the ground. vUpon contact of the wheels with the ground, a landing gear switch becomes operative to cause the throttle control 32 to move the engine throttle to the off position. The aircraft will then roll to a stop.

One form of directional relay 22 and its connecticn to the automatic pilot 2l are shown in Figs. 8 and 9 and, as previously stated, is of the type described in our co-pen-ding application Serial No. 95,042. As shown in Fig. 8, the relay ed to engage one or the otherl of a Ipair of fixed contacts 36 and 8l to cause current to ow in one or the other of the two portions 88 and 89 of the eld winding of a reversible series motor 9B which is provided with an adjustable rheostat v @l for adjusting the speed at which the motor should rotate. In other words, if movable contact tt engages fixed contact 82, the motor @il will rotate in one direction, and when movable contact t5 engages fixed contact tl the motor @il will rotatev in the opposite direction a suitable power source (not shown) being connected to the terminals indicated as grounded.

A solenoid valve comprising a valve member 78a and a coil lilla is provided to periodically shut off the air supply from pipe 'i8 in order to give the pointer 30h of the indicator til a chance to move when the indicator is energized, as otherwise it might be held in one position by the force of the air jet on vane llt. The coil llltla is arranged for connection to a motor actuated circuit breaker l2 (Fig. 7) for periodic energization.

The motor @lll drives a worm 92 'which meshes with a worm gear 93, the latter being connected, as seen in Fig. 9, through suitable gearing @t and 95 to the air pick-oir device gli of the directional gyro .lll of the automatic pilot 2l. The gyroscope @l is effective through its associated mechanism gli, il@ and lll@ to keep the aircraft on its course as determined by the radio compass'.

Secured to the directional gyroscope @l is a semicircular disc itl having its straight edge immediately under the arms of the pick-off device 96. Normally, the arms of the pick-off intercept equal amounts of air from two exhaust ports which are immediately beneath the arms of the pick-olf device. Upon rotation of the air pick-off llt by the motor @il through the gearing 92, 93, @t and 95, the edge of the disc al which remains fixed relative to the gyroscope, causes unequal amounts of air to be intercepted by the two arms, resulting in a differential in pressure in said arms, which differential pressure is transmitted to the conventional air relay 98 to effect a flow of oilin the hydraulic system lll2 of the servo unit lllll in order to cause a deflection of the rudder 36 in a direction to put the vehicle on the proper course. When the craft is back on they proper course, the rudder 36 must be returned to neutral position and the conventional follow-up system indicated generally at ID3, |04 brings the pick-olf device 96 back to the position shown.

From the foregoing description of the directional relay it will be seen that if the craft deviates to the left or right from its, course as determined by the radio compass, the pointer .of the radio compass indicator B0 `will move to the left or to the right,vthereby rocking the vane 'I9 in one direction or the other to direct the air jet from pipe 18- in such a manner as to drive 6. the air turbine 11 clockwise or counter-clockwise, thus energizing either portion I or portion l0,

' of the field of the motor 90 and causing the latter a. solenoidconnected to the output of the marler beacon receptor 20, whereby said solenoid becomes energized each time that a signal is received by the receptor from a marker beacon on the ground. Upon energization of the solenoid |05 it attracts one end of an amature |06 pivoted at one/end as at |01 to cause actuation of a pawl |00 which advances a ratchet wheel |09 one notch. Attached to and rotatable with the ratchet wheel |09 is a switch arm H0 which is adapted to close any one of a plurality of circuits through a common contact and respective contacts H2, i |3,||0,||0, ||0 and ||'l, the

switch arm ||0 being moved against the tension of a spring H0 attachedvthereto. The ratchet wheel |09 is held in its advancedposition by means of a locking pawi I0 carried by a pivoted amature associated in magnetic relation with a solenoid |2|.

In the present instance, only three of the plurality of circuits are shown, namely, those connected to contacts H0, ||0 and |i'ia, respeccondenser to different positions corresponding to different frequencies, as will later appear from Figs. 7, 7a and Figs. 16 and 16a.

Contact Illa, however, is not connected to energize the motor |28 but yis connected to thev solenoid |2| so that, when the contact arm H0 closes contacts v||| and lila said solenoid becomes energized and attracts armature |20 against the tension of a spring |31, thereby disengaging pawl H9 from ratchet wheel |00 and causing the spring IIB to pull the switch arm 'l I0 to its initial and normal position as shown in dotted lines at H0', i. e., out of contact with all of the contacts Ill to ||1a, inclusive. Thus the solenoid |05 is the advance" solenoid while ithe solenoid I2| is the reset solenoid.

The switch arm ||0 of the selector switch used in the apparatus of the present invention and which is of the type disclosed in our previously-mentioned co-pending application Serial No. 214,560. ,Before proceeding with the description of the gyroscopic drift corrector, reference grammatic representations of several types of' tively. `The contact H2 is connected by means of alead |22 to a movable spring contact arm |23 which normally engages one or the other of a pair off relatively fixed contacts |00. |00 so as to energize either eld winding |20 or itl of the reversible series motor |00 when contacts and H2 are closed by the switch arm.

am] The motor its drives c shaft nee through suitable reduction gearing (not shown) to rotate the tuning condenser |30 of the radio colin-A pass receiver 20 to a position corresponding to a predetermined frequency. On the shaft |00 and cooperating with spring contact arm |20 there is a cam |3| which' controls the position of the contact arm |20 in such a manner that thev cam |3| will cause the contact arm |00 to disengage either contact |20 or |20 and to thereby stop the motor |20 when the condenser |00 is in the proper position for the desired frequency of the receiver |20. AContact H0 of the selector switch other frequency. Cooperating with spring contact arm |00 is another cam |00 which is like cam |3| but is disposed in a diderent angular relation on shaft |29 so that the motor |20 `will stop when the condenser |30 is in a position diiferent from that when the motor |20 is stopped by-the operation oi the cam Ill and contact arm |20.

- The contacts H0, |00, H0 and may be' connected respectively to other sets oicontact arms like contact arms |20 and |30 in cooperation with additional cams like cams Ill and |30 to 'further control the motor |20 to rotate the ',mitting station 0.

is iirst made to Figs. 11 and 12 which are diaight of an aircraft toward and away from the landing field 20 at which is the radio transmit ting station 0 of Figs. land la, for example.

In Fig. 11, the line ofiiight indicated by aircraft |01; represents the course resulting from the control of an automatic pilot under the condition of a cross wind coming from the left as indicated by an arrow, anadshows a constant drift away from the objective, namely, the trans- 'Ihe automatic pilot will maintain any given headingr of an aircraft, but repeated adjustment of `heading is necessary to overcome the eifect of side drift, and such'ad justments are required ,of the navigator in these instances. A second line of lght is designated by the aircraft |00, indicating the course of a craft equipped with an automatic pilot controlled by a radio 4compass but not provided with a drift compensator.

Due to the cross wind, the heading of the craft must be constantly changed by the radio com'- pass in order to bring the craft to the landing iield 20. While the heading is changed automatically by the radio compass, it is changed only after a deviation from the true course has occured, and consequently, the path of iiight of the aircraft |0c is curved as shown land the degree of curvature is ldependent upon the force ci the cross wind.

The straight line ight illustrated by the aircraft I0 represents that of a craft equipped with the gyro drift compensatorv used in the present invention and shown in Figs. 13, 14 and 15. With this compensator the course is not the resultant oi a series of corrections for error in course, butv is a straight line due to instantaneous and automatic compensationfor the cross wind which would otherwise produce an4 error in the course.

The flight paths of the respective aircraft equipped with the same control systems as described with respect to Fig. 11 areshown in Fig. 12 where the objective is away from the transmitting station I, 6. The aircraft |9b is equipped y with an automatic pilot'onlv. and it will be observed that its course ls exactly the same as shown in Fig. 11. It is characteristic of the au.` tomatic pilot to maintain constant heading rather than constant course, and since there i's no radio control, the flight of the craft |9b will be the same whether the craft is approaching or leaving the transmitting station i, t.

The ight of aircraft |9c represents that of a craft having an automatic pilot controlled by a radio compass represented by the loop 24. The course is altered in response to indications of the radio compass. It may be seen that this night is radically diilerent from that of the corresponding craft in Fig. 1l. The efectof the cross wind is to blow the craft off course until the point is reached where it is proceeding directly with the wind. The flight illustrated by aircraft l@ which has the gyroscopic drift corrector used in the present invention is a straight line on a direct course towards the objective, the direct course resulting from the initial compensation against the effect of the cross wind.

As shown in Fig. vi3, a gyro controlled air relay tali controls a reversible electric motor iilll connected through a worm shaft Mit and worm gear lill to rotate the radio loop antenna 2li which is electrically connected to the radio compass 2i! and the output of the latter being electrically connected to the left-right indicator to. Ill'he relay mechanism is enclosed in a housing lili which is rotatably supported within the aircraft represented by itil.

The air relay itil is of the type employed in the conventional automatic or gyro pilots and is connected with a gyro control unit lil/ii by the air conduits Miti and lila which lead to chambers Mii and Mit on opposite sides of a central diaphragm lila. An electrical contact la@ is mounted on the diaphragm where it may engage one or the other of a pair of adjacently positioned contacts 115i and db2. The contacts litt, 45| and |152 are connected by leads i513, |56 and it, respectively, to the reversible motor itil.

llihen the plane of the loop antenna 263 is perpendicular to the line joining the loop and the transmitting station, the air pressures in chambers lill and litt are equal and diaphragm it@ is in neutral position. as indicated by the dotted line itt. Upon deviation of the craft from the desired course, the automatic pilot will change the heading of the craft, whereupon the gyro control unit itil will operate to cause uneoual pressures in chambers itl and Mit and diaphragm it@ will accordingly assume' an off-neutral position -such as shown. The direction of movement of .the diaphragm lia willdepend upon whether the deviation of the craft from the desired course is left or right. As illustrated. contactslltt and liti are closed to effect the operation of motor it@ in such a manner as to ro tate loop 2d in the proper direction.

A suitable gyro control unit is used-inconnection with the air relay |32, as shown diagrammatically in Fig. 14. The rotor of a rotatably mounted gyroscope |57! is driven in a mannerv well lrnown in the art -by an air blast from conduit litt, said air blast being created by a vacuum pump (not shown) which evacuates control unit housing lta through a conduit |52. Attached to the 'support it@ of gyroscooe H51! and rotataf. ble therewith is a semi-circular disc iti whichl changed by the automatic pilot for the purpose dil of making a correction to compensate for drift,

disc |61 moves relative to conduits |45 and |46, vthe gyroscope ,|51 and disc |6| remaining stationary while the drift corrector housing 44a and hence conduits |45 and |46 rotate in azimuth with the craft. l By reason Aof this relative movement disc 16| closes one of the conduits |45 and |46 and opensythe other, thereby causing a differential pressure in air relay |38, which is effective to actuate diaphragm |49 (Fig. 13) to .close a circuit to the reversing motor |39. 'Ihe motor rotates loop 24 and drift corrector unit |42 in the proper direction until conduits |45 and |46 assume their normal position relative to disc 155isi.

complete apparatus 'of the embodiment of the invention shown in Figs. l and la, and also show diagrammatically the various elements comprising the complete apparatus, someof which'have been previously described and others of which will be described hereinafter as the description proceeds with respect to Figs. 7 and 7a.|

In Fig. 7a the radio compass loop 2li and compass antenna 25 are shown electrically connected to the input of the radio compass receiver 23 and the output of the latter is shown connected to the directional relay 22 in Fig. '7, said directional relay 22 embodying the left-right compass indicator Bil which controls the movable contact tia so as to engage either contact tt or ill to energize' the motor 9d for rotation in one direction or another to adjust the directional gyr'o of the automatic pilot 2| shown diagrammatically in Figs. l and la and in detail in Fig. 9.

The radio compass receiver frequency tuner 2t in Fig. 7a is shown vas having its tuning element B30 mechanically connected through a worm drive lilla to the shaft |29 driven by the motor t28 of the frequency tuner 28 which is, in turn, controlled by the frequency and throttle selector switch 2l in response to radiant energy impuses received by the marker beacon receptor 2t (Fig. 7) from any one of the marker beacons shown at the stations l, 6v, 2, 3, i and 5 in Figs. 1

and 1a, or in response to other impulses produced by manual actuation of a switch as will appear later. For the purpose of operating the selector` switch 2l. the marker beacon receptor is shown as having its output connected by means of leads l62 and lil to the advance solenoid W5 and to the elongated common contact Ill of the selector switch 2li, whereby upon receipt of a radiant energy impulse by said marker bea' con receptor 28 the advance solenoid |05 is energized to actuate the ratchet wheel |09 by means of' pawl |08 to move the switch arm H0 to the contacts .||2, H3, |l4, H5, H6 or each impulse from) the marker beacon. receptor advancing the switch arm i0 from one contact to the next. The contacts ||2to inclusive, correspond to the respective transmitting stations on theground and, therefore, are shown labeled as 2, 3, 4, 5 and G, respectively.

Contact ||2 is connected to a lamp |64 through a resistor |65 andA by. means of lead |22 to spring contact |23 which is controlled by cam |3| of the frequency selector 26. Contact ||3 is con- Y nected to lamp |88 through a resistor |61 andV by means of lead |32 is also connected to spring contact arm |33 of the frequency selector 26.

' 'I'here are corresponding lamps |68, |69, |18 and |`1|respectively, connected to contacts ||I|, H5, H8 and ||1 through respectively associated resistors, and the contacts H8, H5, ||6 and ||1 The spring contact arm |33 is controlled byV cam |36,whi1e spring contacts |12, |13, |18 and n are controlled by cams |88, IBI, |82 and |83, respectively, all of the cams |3|, |36, |88, |8l, 4|82 and |83 being mounted on and rotatable with shaft |28 of motor |28, and the angular relation of each cam being such that it will stop the motor at different points during one revolution of the shaft |28, each point corresponding to the required position of tuning element to tune the radio compass 28 to a predetermined frequency corresponding to the frequency of the particular transmitting station from which radiant energy is to be received.

An additional contact |88 designated as Mis provided to cooperate with switch arm I8 of the selector switch 22 and when this contact |88 is engaged by the switch arm ||8 the system is adapted for manual control and for this reason is connected by means of a lead |85 to a manually actuated switch |88 which is adapted to engage either one or the other of a pair of fixed contacts |81 and |88, these fixed contacts |81 and |88 being connected by means of leads |89 and |88 to spring contact arms |9| and |82, respectively of the frequency selector 28. The spring contact arms |8| and |82 are controlled by cams |88 and |88 carried on the shaft |28 of the motor |28 whereby upon actuation of the switch |88 into engagement With the contact |81 the motor |28 is rotated in one direction to decrease the frequency of the radio compass receiver 28, while actuation of the switch |88 into engagement with contact |88 energizes the motor |28 to Arotate in an opposite direction to increase the frequency of the receiver 28. n

Electrical energy is supplied to the entire systemfrom a suitable source such as a battery (not shown) through a master switchI |98 and leads |88 and |81. The lead |8`| is the ground lead and is connected to ground at the various points in the system as indicated, while lead |88 is the live lead.

In the selector switch 21 there is provided a |89 upon each energization of the advance solenoid |85, said switch arm ||8 closes contacts IBG-IH and IBB-205, or ||2-||| and IBS-205. or IIB-IH and 288-205, or III-HI and 28h-285, or ||5-||| and 202-285, or ||6-||| and 283-285, or ||1-|||"and 284-285; Contact |98 is connected by means of a lead 288 to a spring contact arm 281 of a throttle position selecting device of the automatic throttle control 32, the throttle position selecting device being substantially like the frequency selecting device 28. The spring contact arm 281 is normally in engagement with one or the other of a i a worm and worm gear (not shown) second set of contacts |88, |88, 288, 28|, 282, 288

and 288 for controlling thel automatic throttle control 82. These contacts cooperate with another section of wiper contact arm ||8 and with a common contact 288, the two sections of the contact arm ||8 being insulated from each other as shown at 288. These contacts are also labeled M, 1, 2, 3, 4, .5 and 6, respectively, to indicate that when the switch arm ||8 is at M, the system is adapted for manual operation, land when at l or 2 or 3 or 4 or 5 or 6, the system is performing the required functions of tuning the radio compass to the respective frequency of each station and controlling the throttlev to guide the aircraft toward each of the stations 2, 8, 4, 5, and 8 at the proper altitude and at the proper speed until the craft makes contact with the ground as it approaches station 8. Whenv wiper4 contact arm H8 is actu-l ated by means of pawl Ill and ratchet wheel pair of relatively stationary contacts 288 and 288 which are respectively connected to oppositely wound eld windings 2|8 and 2|| of a reversible series motor 2|2 which rotates a shaft 2|3 through suitable reduction gearing such as and through a magnetic clutch 2|8. the shaft 2|8 being connected to actuate a fu'el supply valve 2|8 of either the aircraft engine 28 or the aircraft engine 38 depending upon which of these engines is the master engine, the other engine being kept in synchronisrn therewith by means of the engine synchronizer 8| (Fig. l). When the magnetic clutch 2|8 is disengaged, the valve 2|8 may be actuated manually by means of an arm 2|8 connected inthe usual manner to the ordinary manual throttle control (not shown).

Normally, spring contact arm 28| is in engagement with one or the other of the relatively stationary contacts 288 and 288 to cause rotation of the motor 2|2 and shaft 2|3 in one direction or the other, by a cam 2|? carried on and rotatable with the shaft 2|8 is arranged to disengage the contact 281 from either contact 288 or 288 when the camA is in a certain position during one revolution of the shaft 2|8, whereupon the motor 2|2'is stopped and the shaft 2|8 is then in such a position that the valve 2|8 is opened a predetermined amount to feed fuel to the associated engine at a rate to provide a desired speed of the aircraft. In the present instance, this position is such as to provide suicient speed to the craft for it to take o'from the ground and will be referred to as as the "take-o8" speed.

On the shaft 2|3 which controls the throttle valve 2|8 are provided additional cams 2|8, 2|8, 228 and 22| which respectively actuate spring contact arms 222, 223, 228 and 228 to bring them out of engagement with their respective pairs of relatively fixed contacts 228-221, 228-228, 288-25, 282-288. In the present case, spring contact arm 228 is a dead contact and provides no control of the throttle valve 2|5. The other spring contact arms 222, 228 and 228 and their cooperating cams 2|8, 2|8 and 22|, like contact arm 281 and its cooperating cam 2|'| control the motor 2|2 and shaft 2|3 to provide other predetermined settings of the throttle valve 2|8.

Cam 2|8, for example. is so arranged on shaft 2|8 as to disengage contact arm 222 from either one of its associated relatively fixed contacts 228 that it will actuate its associated contactarm ttt to stop the motor2 i2 when the throttle valve llt is in the off position. Thus, the automatic throttle. control t2 automatically provides for .setting of the throttle valve M5 to obtain a take-olf speed, a cruising speed and a "gliding speed of the aircrai't, and also to close4 the throttle valve to the od" position.

lin order to obtain a cruising speed of the aircraft at a desired time by the operation of `the cam dit and its associated contact arm lit, the latter is connected by means of a lead ttt to a relatively xedcontact i3d 'of a relay i3d having an actuating coil titl for actuating a movable contact liti out of engagement with the stationary contact itt at a predetermined time. Normally, the movable contact ttt is in engagement with the stationary contact itil until such time as the relay coil ttl is energized in a manner and by means which will be described later. IThus, the circuit from the contact arm dit oi?v the throttle control is completed by means oi lead itt through contact and contact tilt and then through lead tilt to contacts itil, till and till of the selector switch 2l, said contacts tilt, till and tilt being connected together, :lor the reason that a cruising speed oi the aircraft is required when the switch arm it@ is in each of the three positions in which it engages contacts itil, itil and mit?, respectively. The circuit is then continued from either contact itil or till or litt through switch arm lill to the common contact itil, depending upon which of said contacts is engaged by' switch arm lili, then from common contact 2th through lead itil and lead itil 'to one side of the master switch itil. Thus it will be seen that the throttle valve iliii will be in cruise position when switch arm Util is in engagement with either contact it@ or tdi or tilt of the selector switch 2l.

lt is desired that the cruising speed be maintained at a predetermined altitude and, for the purpose of automatic landing in accordance with thepresent embodiment, at two diderent altitudes, asfior example, first at an altitude of one thousand feet and then at an altitude or" two hundred feet as the aircraft is coming in for a landing. For the purpose ol maintaining the cruising speed at an altitude oi one thousand feet the relay coil titl of relay ttt is connected by means oi lead Edil to a movable contact till which is adapted to be actuated into engagement with a relatively hired contact 202 by means of an enpansible aneroid diaphragm itil oi' an altimeter tilts responsive to changes in altitude of the aircraft. In the present instance the aneroid diaphra itil comprises one part of the altitude responsive control tt shown in Figs. i and is, and the movable contact @di is so arrangedas to be actuated into engagement with the hired contact ttt by the diaphragm itt when the altitude is above one thousand feet, for example.

The closing of the contacts till and tdi ener- `gizes the coil till of the relay tot to actuate the movable contact stil oi said relay out oi engagement with the fixed relay contact 23h and into engagement with another relatively nxed contact itt of said relay llt. The relatively fixed contact itil of the relay ttt is connected by means of a lead ttt to spring contact arm llt of the 'selector switch of the throttle control tt, thereby changing the setting of the throttle valve Zitto a gliding speed position. Thus, by means of the aneroid diaphragm ttt and relay 2356 the aircraft is maintained at a cruising speed at an'altitude of one thousand feet, and in the event that the craft -should rise above'an altitude o! one thousand feet the relay 236 will be controlled by `the tito having an aneroid diaphragm 243 to change the setting of the throttle valve als from a cruising speed to a.

gliding speed until the craft is back to the one thousand foot altitude, at which time the aneroid diaphragm 243 will control the relay 23B to change the position of the throttle valve 2I5 back to a. cruising speed position. f

it is desired that the altitude of the aircraft be reduced to a lower altitude, as lor example two hundred feet, as the aircraft is coming in ior a landing, and for this reason another altimeter aneroid diaphragm 2W is provided ior actuating a movable contact ttl into engagement with a relatively hired contact ttt, these latter contacts together with the aneroid diaphragm it@ comprising another part oi the altitude responsive control tt shown in Figs. 1 and la. The movable contact itl is connected by means oi a lead itt to a coil itt oi another relay tti which is provided with a pair ci relatively fixed contacts ttt and ttt and a movable contact tot which is adapted to engage either one or the other of the relatively hired contacts ttt and litt. Y

Normally, the movable contact ttt ci relay tti is in engagement with the hired contact ttt but is adapted to be actuated out or engagement therewith and into engagement with the hxed contact titi' upon energiaatlon oi the coil it@ when the aneroid itt moves the contact itl into engagement with the contact ttt. The relatively fixed contacts tti and itil ci relay tti are in parallel with the hired contacts and oi relay v tilt, thereby providing the same shirt oi the position oi thethrottle valve trom the cruising speed position to a gliding speed position in the event that the altitude ci the aircraft increases beyond two hundred fleet as determined by the aneroid tilt.

` ight either ln order that the control from the aneroid tilt and relay-ttl be introduced at the proper time, i. e., just prior to landing oi the aircraft, the movable contact itt oi relay alli is connected -by means of a lead to contact dtlii'oi the selector switch ill. Thus the two hundred loot altitude control is switch arm lin of the selector switch El' is advanced by means oi the advance solenoid lili and pawl and ratchet itil-itil to connectcontact 'litt with commonl contact Elib", the reason for which lwill aphcar hereinafter.

in order to provide a more sensitive control ci the cruising speed and gliding speed oi the aircraft through the automatic throttle control 32. the rate-of-change-oi-altitude responsive control of Figs. i and la is provided and, as shown in Fig. 7, comprises a rate oi' climb indicator tilt arranged to control the gilding speed ci' the aircraft in a manner [to bring about a rate ci descent, in the present insee, oi not more than i ur hundred feet per minute as the craft is about o land. Another rate oli climb indicator ilil'l is provided and is so arranged that no control is obtained therefrom while the craft is in level at the one or the two hundred loot altitude, hut provides a control in the event that the crait tends to go above or below either the one thousand loot altitude or two hundred i'oot altitude. The rate of climb indicator 25! With a, disc 258 having an opening 25S therein not obtained until auch time as the i1 loot altitude i is provided and which is adapted to berotated by the rate of climb responsive diaphragm (not shown). On one side of thedisc 258 is a lamp 268 andon the opposite side of said disc 258 is a photronic cell 26|. Thus when the disc 258 is actuated into a position in which the aperture 259 thereof is between the lamp 268 and the photronic cell 26|, light passes from the lamp to the cell to cause a current to flow in one direction through the leads 262 and 263 which connect the cell 26| to a coil 264 of a sensitive relay 265 having a movable contact 266 adapted to be actuated by the coil 264 into or out of engagement with either one of a pair of relatively xed contacts 261 and 268.

The rate of climb indicator 251 likewise comprises a disc 269 having an aperture 218 which is arranged to be actuated by means of a rate of climb responsive diaphragm (not shown). On one side of the disc 269 is a lamp 21| and on the other side thereof is a photronic cell 212 so that when disc 269 is actuated into aufposition in which the aperture 218 is between the lamp 21| and photronic cell 212, light passes -from said lamp to said cell and causes a current to flow in the leads 213 and 214 which connect the cell 212 to a coil 215 of a sensitive relay 216 having movable contact 211 adapted to be actuated by the coil 215 into or out of engagement with either one or the other of a pair of relatively iixed contacts 218 and 219.

Fixed contacts 261 and 268 of sensitive relay 265 are respectively connected to coils 288- and 28| of a power relay 282, while iixed contacts 218 and 219 of sensitive relay 218 are respectively connected to coils 283 and 284 of a power relay 285. The power relay. 282 is provided with a pair of movable contacts 286 and 281 adapted to be respectively actuated into engagement with cooperating iixed contacts 288 and 289 upon energization of the coils 288 and 28|l ci' said relay 282. i. e., when coil 288 is energized it actuates movable contact 286 into engagement with fixed contact 288, and when coil 28| is energized it actuates movablecontact 281 into engagement with xed contact 289.

Power relay 285 is likewise provided with movable contacts 298 and 29| which are adapted to be actuated into respective engagement with fixed contacts 292 and 298 upon energization of coils 283 and 284 of said power relay 285, i. e., when coil 283 is energized it actuates movable contact 298 into engagement with fixedcontact 292, and when' coil 284 is energized it actuatesjmovable contact 29| into engagement with fixed contact Movable contact 288 of power relay 282 is connected in parallel with movable contact 298 o f relay 285 by means of the lead 294, and movable contact 281 of relay 282 is connected in parallel with movable contact`29| of relay 285 by means of the lead 295. The movable contacts 281 and 29| are connected by means of the lead 295 to onel eld winding 298 of a motor 291, while the movable contacts 288 and 298 are connected by means of the lead 294 to another iield winding 298 of said motor 291 which is a-series motor and associated with the throttle-control device 32. The eld windings 298 and 298 of motor 291 are `wound in opposite directions so that when one winding is energized the motor rotates in cated by the dotted line 299, to an adjustable, carrier 388 which carriesthe contacts 228-221 and 22B-229 of the selector switch of the automatic throttle control 32, whereby, upon rotation of the motor 291 in one direction or another, the contacts 226-,221 and the contacts 228-229 are moved in one direction or anotherW with respect to their cooperative spring contact arms 222 and 223. By means of this vernier adjustment of the relatively fixed contacts 226-221 and 228-229 bythe motor 291, small corrections can be made to the throttle after the main throttle motor 2|2 and the cams 2|8 and 2|9 on the shaft 2|3 of said motor 2|2 have placed the throttle in the approximate position for a cruising speed or a gliding speed, depending upon which setting is called for by the selector switch 21.

In order to prevent the rate of climb responsive devices 256 and 251 from exerting a control on the automatic throttle control device 32 while the throttle is being changed from a glide position to a cruise position, or vice versa, by the main throttle motor 2|2, a relay38| is provided which comprises a vpair of normally closed switches 382 and 383 which are actuated into open position by coils 384 and 385 upon energization of said coils. The coil 384 of the relay 38| is arranged to be energized upon energization of the ileld Winding 2|8 of the main throttle adjusting motor 2|2 and for this reason said coil 384 and neld winding 2|8 are connected together by means of a,lead 386. The coil 385 of the relay 38|, on the other hand, is arranged to be energized upon energization of the other ileld winding 2|| of the main throttle motor 2|2 and,

"thereforefsaidcoil 985 is connected to said iield winding 2li vby means of a lead 381. It will be noted that switches 382 and 389 of the relay 38| are in series with the windings 288, 28| oi relay 282 and windings 283,'284 of relay 285, respectively, and, therefore, said relays 282 and 285 are effective to control the vernier adjusting motor 291 only when said switches 382 and 383 are closed, and this condition exists only after 1 the main throttle motor 2|2 has been stopped and its ileld windings 2|8 and 2|| are de-energized. When the motor 2|2 is running by virtue of the energization of either its eld winding 2|8 or its field winding 2|| then the coils 384 or coll 385 of relay 38| is energized, whereby the switch 382 and the switch 388 are opened and the relays 282 and 285 rendered ineiectiveto energize the l field windings 298 and 2980i' vernier adjusting motor 291.

The sensitive relays 285 and 218 are provided Y with additional coils 888 .and 389, respectively,

one direction. and when the other winding is energized the motor rotates in an opposite direction. f

The motor 291 is a vernier adjusting motor aQd 8s connected in any suitable mannen-.Aas .indi-4 which are connected in parallel with each other by means of a lead 3 I 8 -and in series with a switch I 3|| of a motor actuated circuit breaker 8|2. the motor of which is shown at 3|8 with its series -neid winding zu. The switch :n of the motor actuated circuit breaker 3|2 is arranged to be closed during each revolution of the motor 8| 8 to thereby periodically energize the coils 888 and 389 of the sensitive relays 285 and 218. 'I'he purpose of this periodic energization of the coils 388 and 389 is to cause said coils to-'periodically actuate the associated movable contacts 288 and 211 to thelrfcentral positions and thereby overcome the tendency of said movable contacts 288i, and 211 to remain in engagement with either one or the other of their associated iixed contacts 281,' 268 and 218. 219 respectively. l l

The motor-actuated circuit breaker 3|2 is also 

